Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in systolic heart failure in 2014: the evolving prognostic role: A Position Paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC

 This position paper examines the history of CPET in risk stratification in HF. Throughout five phases of achievements, the journey from a single CPET parameter (i.e. peak oxygen consumption) to a multiparametric approach embracing the full clinical picture in HF-including functional, neurohumoral, and laboratory findings-is illustrated and discussed. An innovative multifactorial model is proposed, with CPET at its core, that helps optimize our understanding and management of HF patients.